Mar 14 | TFG | STEP | #Mr 14:1| CXVI. JESUS PREDICTS, THE RULERS PLOT FOR, AND JUDAS BARGAINS FOR HIS DEATH. (Mount of Olives, Bethany, and Jerusalem. Tuesday after sunset, which Jews regarded as the beginning of Wednesday.) #Mt 26:1-5,14-16 Mr 14:1,2,10,11 Lu 22:1-6| Now after two days was the feast of the passover and the unleavened bread. We may regard Jesus as having entered the temple Tuesday morning, and as having taught there until the evening. {*} He then retired to the slopes of Olivet and delivered the discourse which occupies Sections CXIII.-CXV. The discourse finished, it is likely that he arose about or a little after sunset (which the Jews reckoned as Wednesday) and proceeded on his way to Bethany, where he remained until late Thursday afternoon. On his way to Bethany he spoke the words of this section. The two days mentioned are Wednesday and Thursday. The passover was eaten Thursday night after sunset, which the Jews reckoned as Friday. For a full discussion of the time when the Passover was eaten, see Andrews' Life of Christ, pp. 423-460. On the feast, see TFG "Mr 14:12" . And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him with subtlety, and kill him. See TFG " #Mr 14:2| " . {*} NOTE.--If this had been Tuesday, he would have said "after three days," as is the case of the resurrection. In all such expressions the remaining part of the present day was counted as one.--J. W. McG. (TFG 641-642)

Mark 14

#Mr 14:1| CXVI. JESUS PREDICTS, THE RULERS PLOT FOR, AND JUDAS BARGAINS FOR HIS DEATH. (Mount of Olives, Bethany, and Jerusalem. Tuesday after sunset, which Jews regarded as the beginning of Wednesday.) #Mt 26:1-5,14-16 Mr 14:1,2,10,11 Lu 22:1-6| Now after two days was the feast of the passover and the unleavened bread. We may regard Jesus as having entered the temple Tuesday morning, and as having taught there until the evening. {*} He then retired to the slopes of Olivet and delivered the discourse which occupies Sections CXIII.-CXV. The discourse finished, it is likely that he arose about or a little after sunset (which the Jews reckoned as Wednesday) and proceeded on his way to Bethany, where he remained until late Thursday afternoon. On his way to Bethany he spoke the words of this section. The two days mentioned are Wednesday and Thursday. The passover was eaten Thursday night after sunset, which the Jews reckoned as Friday. For a full discussion of the time when the Passover was eaten, see Andrews' Life of Christ, pp. 423-460. On the feast, see TFG "Mr 14:12". And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him with subtlety, and kill him. See TFG "#Mr 14:2|". {*} NOTE.--If this had been Tuesday, he would have said "after three days," as is the case of the resurrection. In all such expressions the remaining part of the present day was counted as one.--J. W. McG. (TFG 641-642) #Mr 14:2| Not during the feast, lest haply there shall be a tumult of the people. They knew that there were many at the feast from Galilee, and other sections of the country where Jesus ministered; and, judging by the demonstration made at the triumphal entry, they felt that there were plenty to take arms in Jesus' behalf. The sense of their council, therefore, seemed to be that if Jesus could be taken by subtlety--that is, arrested privately--he might be taken during the feast. But if he had to be arrested publicly, then it was better to postpone his apprehension until after the feast. The treachery of Judas caused them to adopt the former course. (TFG 642) #Mr 14:3| CIV. JESUS ARRIVES AND IS FEASTED AT BETHANY. (From Friday afternoon till Saturday Night, March 31 and April 1, A.D. 30.) #Joh 11:55-12:11 Mt 26:6-13 Mr 14:3-9| And being in Bethany. At this place Matthew and Mark insert the account of the supper given to Jesus in the house of Simon the leper (#Mt 26:6-13 Mr 14:3-9|). They do this because the treacherous determination of Judas was formed at it and dates from it. The rebuke of the Lord then administered, or the desire to reimburse himself for the price of the ointment, which Mary expended, and which he felt that he ought to have had, or some other reasons, evidently induced him at that time to decide upon our Lord's betrayal. Since then he had been seeking opportunity to betray the Master. In the house of Simon the leper. Who Simon the leper was is not known. It is not unlikely that he was one whom Jesus had healed, and that he united with the household of Lazarus (#Joh 12:2|) in a joint effort to show gratitude unto the Lord for his goodness to this group of his friends. There came a woman. Mary, the sister of Lazarus. See #Joh 12:3|. Having an alabaster cruse of ointment of pure nard very costly. Nard was a liquid perfume distilled from some odorous plant or plants and mingled with oil. It was sealed in flasks or alabaster boxes and imported from the far East. And she brake the cruse, and poured it over his head. The cruse seems to have been a long-necked flask sealed with wax so tightly as to necessitate it being broken to extract the nard. These flasks were tasteful and costly objects such as women delight to possess. Many of them were so delicate that Pliny compares them to closed rosebuds, and the same writer, speaking of nard, reckons it as an instance of excessive luxury to anoint the feet or ankles with it. (TFG 642, 569-570) #Mr 14:4| But there were some that had indignation among themselves. The disciples. See #Mt 26:8|. (TFG 570) #Mr 14:5| For this ointment might have been sold for above three hundred shillings, and given to the poor. And they murmured against her. It seems very likely that this murmuring was started by Judas Iscariot, for the murmurers fall in with his notions that the price of the ointment should be deposited in the poor fund (#Joh 12:4,5|). It is a singular thing that Jesus permitted a thief to occupy the office of treasurer. It is probable that Judas was honest when he was called to serve, but that same management and spirit of economy which made him fit for the place ruined him when he got it. Thus our strong points are often our weakest. The price of the pound of nard would be about fifty-one dollars of our money, but the purchasing power of money was then nearly ten times as great as it is now. The price here named agrees almost exactly with the figures at which Pliny rates the most costly nard. (TFG 570) #Mr 14:6-8| But Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath wrought a good work on me. See TFG "#Joh 12:7|". The words of Jesus about the ointment (#Mt 26:10-12 Mr 14:6-8 Joh 12:7-8|) taken as a whole may be construed thus: "The sorrows of my coming passion oppress me (#Mt 26:38|), and Mary, conscious of that sorrow, wishes to cheer me with the evidence of love and gratitude. She sympathizes with me as I approach the shadow of death, and anoints me beforehand for the burial. You do not begrudge what is given to the dead. You do not censure as extravagant what is spent for the embalming of a dear one. You yourselves would be ready enough to anoint me in this same manner after I am dead. So do not censure her because in the fullness of her sympathy she has anticipated the coming catastrophe and has anointed me beforehand." (TFG 571) #Mr 14:7| For ye have the poor always with you, and whensoever ye will ye can do them good: but me ye have not always. There would be plenty of opportunities in which to do good to the poor. The time for conferring a personal benefit upon Christ in the flesh was now limited to seven days. Thereafter gifts could only be given to Christ by bestowing them upon the poor. (TFG 571) #Mr 14:9| Wheresoever the gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world, that also which this woman hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her. Jesus here makes prominent the different estimates which God and man place upon the same acts. That which the disciples had censured as a waste and that which they had regarded as worthy of rebuke was in his sight an action fit to be kept in everlasting remembrance as a model for the conduct of future generations throughout the whole earth, and he accordingly decreed that it be so kept in mind. (TFG 571-572) #Mr 14:10| Judas Iscariot, he that was one of the twelve. See TFG "#Mr 3:19|" and see TFG "Joh 6:71". Went away unto the chief priests, that he might deliver him unto them. It is probable that the proposal to sell his Master was made by Judas to individual members of the Sanhedrin (#Lu 22:4|), and that this proposal was one of the moving causes leading to the assembling of the council. The language at #Mt 26:15| implies that Judas appeared before the council and bargained openly with it. (TFG 643) #Mr 14:11| And they, when they heard it, were glad, and promised to give him money. The amount paid him was about fifteen dollars of our money. It was indeed a low price for so base a deed, but from the language used it may be fairly implied that it was but the earnest money of a larger sum. But Judas evidently hardened himself, and shut out all thought as to anything save the actual labor involved. Viewed thus, his task was neither difficult nor dangerous. See TFG "#Mt 26:15|". And he sought how he might conveniently deliver him unto them. He soon found his opportunity. He bargained on Tuesday night and fulfilled his contract on Thursday night. Or, as the Jews reckoned time, he agreed in the beginning of Wednesday and fulfilled his covenant on the beginning of Friday. (TFG 643) #Mr 14:12| CXVII. PREPARATION FOR PASSOVER. DISCIPLES CONTEND FOR PRECEDENCE. (Bethany to Jerusalem. Thursday afternoon and, after sunset, beginning of Friday.) #Mt 26:17-20 Mr 14:12-17 Lu 22:7-18,24-30| And on the first day of unleavened bread. See TFG "#Lu 2:43|". Leaven was to the Jew a symbol of corruption and impurity, because it causes bread to become stale. The feast of unleavened bread began properly on the fifteenth of Nisan, and lasted seven days, but this was the fourteenth Nisan, the day on which the paschal lamb was slain. However, it was common to blend the slaying of the passover, the passover feast and the feast of the unleavened bread, and to look upon all three as one great festival, and to use the names passover and unleavened bread interchangeably to describe the entire eight days. This appears from the writings of Josephus, who sometimes reckons the feast as beginning on the fifteenth (The Antiquities of the Jews, 3.10.5) and again as beginning on the fourteenth (The Wars of the Jews, 5.3.1). He also sometimes reckons the feast as lasting seven days (The Antiquities of the Jews, 3.10.5) and again he reckons it as lasting eight days (The Antiquities of the Jews, 3.15.1). The Rabbinists say that all the leaven was carefully removed from the houses on the evening before the fourteenth Nisan. To the present day leaven is removed from the houses of the Jews on the night between the thirteenth and fourteenth. Hence the day could be very fittingly called "the first day of unleavened bread." His disciples say unto him. As the head of the household. Where wilt thou that we go and make ready that thou mayest eat the passover? It required considerable preparation. The lamb must be slain in the temple, roasted, and unleavened loaves, wine, and bitter herbs, etc., must be provided (#Ex 12:8|), and a room for the feast must be secured. (TFG 644-645) #Mr 14:13| And he sendeth two of his disciples. It is not improbable that Jesus let Peter and John (#Lu 22:8|) thus find the place that Judas might not know its whereabouts in time to bring the officers of the Sanhedrin so as to interrupt the feasts which meant so much to him and to his church. (TFG 645) #Mr 14:14| Say to the master of the house, etc. It was customary for the residents of Jerusalem to open their houses for guests during this feast, and therefore Jesus might have presumed on the hospitality of almost anyone; but the probability is that the man to whom he sent this message was an acquaintance and a friend. (TFG 645) #Mr 14:17| And when it was evening he cometh with the twelve. The law required that the paschal lamb should be slain "between the evenings." The Jews reckoned the two evenings as from three o'clock to sunset, and from sunset to nine o'clock, which was the end of the first watch. But Josephus tells us that the lambs were killed from the ninth to the eleventh hours, or between the hours of three and five. It would take some time to dress the lamb and to roast it, so that it must have been about sundown or shortly afterward when Jesus and his disciples sat down to the feast. (TFG 645-646) #Mr 14:18| CXIX. JUDAS' BETRAYAL AND PETER'S DENIAL FORETOLD. (Jerusalem. Evening before the crucifixion.) #Mt 26:21-25,31-35 Mr 14:18-21,27-31 Lu 22:21-23,31-38| #Joh 13:21-38| One of you shall betray me, even he that eateth with me. The foreknowledge of Judas' crime did not relieve the Lord from the sting of it. By the use of the word "betray" Jesus revealed to Judas that he had perfect knowledge of the peculiar crime which he was about to commit. To induce repentance the enormity of the crime is pointed out in two ways: 1. It was the act of one, an act in which no other could be found willing to have a part. 2. It was the act of one whose hand rested on the table, who was admitted to the closest intercourse and fellowship. (TFG 652) #Mr 14:19| They began to be sorrowful. That the Lord should be betrayed was sorrow enough, but that one of the twelve should do the deed was an added grief. Is it I? The form of the question in the Greek indicates that it expects "No" for an answer, so that it may be rendered, "Surely it is not I?" (TFG 652) #Mr 14:20| It is one of the twelve, he that dippeth with me in the dish. According to Oriental custom, knives and forks were not used. One dish served to hold the sop for several people, that they might dip their bread into it. In so large a company, two or three bowls would be used for convenience' sake. The words of Jesus, therefore, limited the circle of accused ones from twelve to four or five, and also further emphasized the tender and close intimacy between the traitor and the Master. (TFG 652) #Mr 14:21| For the Son of man goeth, even as it is written of him: but woe unto that man through whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man if he had not been born. Jesus was following with unfaltering step the path of suffering marked out by the prophets. But this fact in no way exculpated the authors of his death. The prophecies referred to are many. As examples, see #Ps 22:1 Isa 53:1-12|. The woe pronounced upon Judas was no vindictive or vengeful wish; it is the solemn announcement of the divine judgment. The words of Jesus stop the mouths of the apologists for Judas. When the judge thus speaks in condemnation, who shall presume to argue in extenuation? (TFG 652-653) #Mr 14:22| CXX. THE LORD'S SUPPER INSTITUTED. (Jerusalem. Evening before the crucifixion.) #Mt 26:26-29 Mr 14:22-25 Lu 22:19,20 1Co 11:23-26| And as they were eating, he took bread, and when he had blessed, he brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take ye: this is my body. As only unleavened bread was eaten during the paschal supper, that kind of bread must have been used by our Lord, and it is fitting that it should still be used by us in keeping the Lord's Supper, not only for propriety's sake, but because that bread which is emblematic of purity is most suitable to represent the body of the sinless Christ. The Catholics and some few others take our Lord's words literally when he says, "This is my body." On this they found the doctrine of transubstantiation, that is, that the bread and the wine become literal body and blood when blessed by the priest. There are many weighty arguments against such a doctrine, but the main one for it is found in the words of our Lord. But Jesus could not have meant them literally, for his body was untouched and his blood unshed on this occasion when he spoke them. Moreover, in #Mr 14:25|, Jesus calls the wine "the fruit of the vine," when, according to the theory of transubstantiation, it had been turned into blood and hence was not wine at all. (TFG 658) #Mr 14:23| And he took the cup. Wine, mingled with water, was drunk during the paschal supper. Jesus took a cup of this for his new institution. But the word "wine" is nowhere used in any of the accounts of the Lord's Supper, the terms "cup" and "fruit of the vine" being employed in its stead. Those, therefore, who choose to use unfermented grape juice are guilty of no irregularity. See TFG "#Lu 22:20|". (TFG 658) #Mr 14:24| This is my blood of the covenant. #Jer 31:31-34|. It was the practice of Eastern peoples to use blood in making any pact or covenant (#Ex 24:6-8|). Christ represents himself as the victim from whence the blood was to be taken to ratify or seal the new covenant, and he makes the cup the symbol of that blood. A full discussion of the old and new covenants will be found in the Book of Hebrews. We may, however, sum them up by saying that the old covenant promised the land of Canaan and Christ in the flesh to the Israelites, while the new covenant promises heaven and Christ in glory to the Christian. Which is poured out for many. It is explicitly stated elsewhere that Christ died for all (#Heb 2:9 2Co 5:14,15|), and the word "many" is used, not to contradict, but to emphasize the fact. When the persons included are contemplated individually, the term many is employed on account of the vast number of them; for no man can number the individuals for whom Christ died. But when they are contemplated under the feebler conception of the whole, the term all is employed. (TFG 658-659) #Mr 14:25| I shall no more drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God. In speaking of this future drinking of the fruit of the vine Jesus does not mean literal wine, for he does not drink literal wine with his disciples in the kingdom as it now is, nor will he do so in the eternal kingdom. The term "drink," therefore, is used figuratively for that communion which Jesus has with his disciples while they are drinking the wine of the Lord's Supper. The term new is most naturally understood as modifying wine, but as the wine of the supper is not necessarily new wine, we think it rather indicates the new method of drinking wine just described. (TFG 660) #Mr 14:26| CXXIII. GOING TO GETHSEMANE, AND AGONY THEREIN. (A garden between the brook Kidron and the Mount of Olives. Late Thursday night.) #Mt 26:30,36-46 Mr 14:26,32-42 Lu 22:39-46 Joh 18:1| And when they had sung a hymn. The shadow of the cross did not quench the spirit of praise in Christ. (TFG 685) #Mr 14:27,28| All ye shall be offended: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered abroad. #Zec 13:7|. The scattering would take place after the return of the apostles to Galilee, and there after his resurrection, Jesus would gather them together as their shepherd. (TFG 655) #Mr 14:29| Although all shall be offended, yet will not I. Thus Peter repudiates the idea that he could not stand the test. (TFG 656) #Mr 14:30| Verily I say unto thee, that thou to-day, even this night, before the cock crow twice, shalt deny me thrice. Mark speaks of two cock-crowings and shows that the denial of Peter occurred between them (#Mr 14:68-72|). But Matthew, Luke, and John speak of but one cock-crowing and place the denial before it (#Mt 26:74 Lu 22:60| #Joh 18:27|). The discrepancy is not an important one. Luke and John look upon the night in its entirety and speak of the cock-crowing at three in the morning, the signal of the dawning day. Mark looks at the night in its details, and shows that the denials of Peter began at midnight, the time of the first cock-crowing, and were finished before the last, or about three in the morning. Peter appears to have been thunderstruck at this prediction, which showed the nature, the details, and the nearness of his sin. He lapsed into silence, and we hear no more from him during the discourses which followed. But he did not yield without one final protest, as the sequel shows. (TFG 656) #Mr 14:31| If I must die with thee, will not deny thee. According to Matthew's account these accusations of our Lord and protestations of Peter were taken up again after Jesus left the upper room and was on his way to Gethsemane. The reader may therefore conceive of them as occurring again in the opening lines of Section CXXIII. See TFG "#Mr 14:26|". (TFG 656-657) #Mr 14:32| And they come unto a place which was named Gethsemane. The name Gethsemane means a place of oil-presses, and hence it accords well with the name of the mountain at whose base it was situated. But the place was now a garden. It was about half a mile from the city, and from what Luke says (#Lu 21:37|), it seems that Jesus often resorted to it while in Jerusalem at the festivals. Compare also #Joh 18:2|. Sit ye here, while I shall pray. As the hour of trial and temptation came upon Jesus he fortified himself against it by prayer. And he bade his disciples do likewise (#Lu 22:40|), for his arrest would involve them also in temptations which he foresaw that they would not be able to withstand. (TFG 685) #Mr 14:33| And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be greatly amazed, and sore troubled. While seeking heavenly aid in this hour of extremity, our Lord also manifested his desire for human sympathy. All the eleven apostles were with him in the garden, and the three most capable of sympathizing with him were stationed nearer to him than the rest. (TFG 686) #Mr 14:34| My soul is exceeding sorrowful even unto death: abide ye here, and watch. The sequel shows that the phrase "even unto death" was no figure of rhetoric. The nervous prostration of Jesus was such as to endanger his life, and the watching of the apostles may have been doubly needful. Not only did he require their sympathy, but he may also have looked to them to render him assistance in the case of a physical collapse. (TFG 686) #Mr 14:35| And fell on the ground, and prayed. This posture was expressive of the most intense supplication. (TFG 686) #Mr 14:36| Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee: remove this cup from me: howbeit not what I will, but what thou wilt. Much of mystery is found in all life, so it is small wonder if the dual nature of Jesus presents insoluble problems. It perplexes many to find that the divine in Jesus did not sustain him better during his trial in the garden. But we must remember that it was appointed unto Jesus to die, and that the divine in him was not to interfere with this appointment, or the approaches to it. For want, therefore, of a better expression, we may say that from the time Jesus entered the garden until he expired on the cross, the human in him was in the ascendant; and "being found in fashion as a man" (#Php 2:8|), he endured these trials is if wholly human. His prayer, therefore, is the cry of his humanity for deliverance. See TFG "#Mt 26:39|". Reminding the Father of the limitless range of his power, he petitions him to change his counsel as to the crucifixion of the Son, if his gracious purposes can be in any other way carried out. Jesus uses the words "cup" and "hour" (#Mr 13:35|) interchangeably. They are both words of broad compass, intended to include all that he would undergo from that time until his resurrection. They embrace all his mental, moral, physical, and spiritual suffering which we can discover, together with an infinite volume of a propitiatory and vicarious nature which lies beyond the reach of our understanding. The submission of Jesus was no new fruitage of his character; the prayer of the garden had been the inner purpose of his entire life (#Joh 5:30| and #Joh 6:38|). (TFG 686-687) #Mr 14:37,38| Simon, sleepest thou? couldest not thou watch one hour? Peter, having boasted of his loyalty (#Mr 14:29|), has his weakness pointed out and is further warned to be on his guard, since the weakness of his nature will not stand the coming strain. The slumber of the disciples was not through indifference; but was caused by the prostration of grief. When we remember the excitement which they had endured that night, the tender words spoken by Jesus, the sadness of which was intensified by the atmosphere of mystery which pervaded them, the beautiful and touching prayer, and lastly this agony in the garden, it is not to be wondered at that the apostles, spurred by no sense of danger, should succumb to the long-borne tension and fall asleep. Had they comprehended how much the Lord needed their wakeful sympathy as he came again and again seeking for it, they would probably have kept awake. (TFG 687-688) #Mr 14:39| And again he went away, and prayed, saying the same words. See TFG "#Mt 26:42|". #Mr 14:40| And they knew not what to answer him. They were ashamed of the stupor which had come upon them and knew not what apology to make for it. (TFG 688) #Mr 14:41| Sleep on now, and take your rest, etc. Our Lord's words are paradoxical. In our judgment the saying is best understood by regarding the first part of it as spoken from the Lord's viewpoint, while the latter part is spoken from the disciple's viewpoint. It is as if he said, "So far as I am concerned, you may sleep on and take your rest, for the time to be of comfort or assistance to me has wholly passed. But so far as you yourselves are concerned, you must arise and be going, because Judas with his band of temple police is upon us." (TFG 688) #Mr 14:43| CXXIV. JESUS BETRAYED, ARRESTED, AND FORSAKEN. (Gethsemane. Friday, several hours before dawn.) #Mt 26:47-56 Mr 14:43-52 Lu 22:47-53 Joh 18:2-11| Cometh Judas, one of the twelve, and with him a multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders. The presence of Judas is mentioned by each Evangelist. His treachery made a deep impression upon them. The arresting party which accompanied Judas consisted of the band of officers and men from the temple guard or Levitical police, Pharisees, scribes, servants, chief priests, captains of the temple and elders. (TFG 689) #Mr 14:44| Now he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that is he; take him, and lead him away safely. Some place this event before #Joh 18:2-9|. It comports better with the fitness of things to place it here. Jesus made Judas feel his utter nothingness, and his worthlessness even as a betrayer. Before Judas can in any way identify Jesus, the Lord had twice declared himself to be the party whom they sought (#Joh 18:6,8|). On the betrayal kiss, also see TFG "Lu 7:45". (TFG 690) #Mr 14:45| And kissed him. See TFG "#Lu 22:48|". #Mr 14:46| And they laid their hands on him, and took him. The sight of Judas touching him no doubt reassured them, and they laid hands on Jesus. (TFG 691) #Mr 14:47| But a certain one of them that stood by drew his sword, and smote the servant of the high priest, and struck off his ear. We have seen that the apostles were but scantily armed, there being only two swords in their possession (#Lu 22:38|). Peter evidently carried one of these, and stood ready to make good his boast that he would suffer, and, if need be, die in his Lord's service (#Mr 14:31|). He evidently struck a downward blow at Malchus' head, and Malchus would have been killed had he not dodged. (TFG 691) #Mr 14:48,49| And Jesus answered and said unto them. Are ye come out, as against a robber, with swords and staves to seize me? The party which came to arrest Jesus was large. See #Lu 22:52|. The word "band" used by John (#Joh 18:3|) to describe part of it is speira, which is the Greek name for the cohort, a division of the Roman army which in the time of Augustus contained five hundred fifty-five men. Ten cohorts, or a legion, were usually quartered in the castle Antonia, at the northwest corner of the temple enclosure. That the whole cohort was present is not likely (#Mt 27:27|), but there was a large enough body to represent it. The Evangelists therefore properly style it a great multitude (#Mt 26:47 Mr 14:43 Lu 22:47|). Moreover, it was a motley crowd. Its strength and diversity suggest the fear that Jesus might miraculously defend himself. Each part of the crowd found courage in the strength possessed by the other part, the priests relying upon the solidity of the soldiers, the soldiers superstitiously trusting to some spiritual power residing in the priests, etc. Now, because of these fears, the preparation was as great as if some band of robbers was to be taken. The questions of Jesus, therefore, show two facts: 1. By their extensive preparation the rulers bore an unintentional testimony to his divine power. 2. By their failure to arrest him openly in the temple (#Mr 14:49|), they bore witness to his innocence. (TFG 692-693) #Mr 14:49| I was daily with you in the temple teaching, and ye took me not: but this is done that the scriptures might be fulfilled. With his divinity and his innocence, therefore, Jesus challenges them, referring to their own conduct for testimony thereto. In conclusion, he cites them to the Scriptures which they were fulfilling (#Ps 22:6 Isa 53:7|). Our Lord's dual reference to the Old Testament at this sacred time should cause us to handle them with awe and reverence. (TFG 693) #Mr 14:50| And they all left him, and fled. All the predictions of Jesus had failed to prepare the apostles for the terrors of his arrest. Despite all his warnings, each apostle sought his own safety. (TFG 693) #Mr 14:51,52| And a certain young man followed with him, having a linen cloth cast about him, over his naked body. The young man who fled naked is usually presumed to be Mark himself, and it is thought that he thus speaks impersonally after the manner of Matthew and John. The manner of his description shows that he was not an apostle. As Mark's mother resided in Jerusalem (#Ac 12:12,25|), Canon Cook advances the theory that the Lord's Supper was eaten in the upper room of her house, and that when the disciples retired with Jesus from thence to Gethsemane, Mark slipped from his bed, threw his sindon about him, and followed after them. The sindon, or linen vestment, was very costly, not being worn even by the middle classes: no apostle would be thus attired. (TFG 693) #Mr 14:53| CXXVI. SECOND STAGE OF JEWISH TRIAL. JESUS CONDEMNED BY CAIAPHAS AND THE SANHEDRIN. (Palace of Caiaphas. Friday.) #Mt 26:57,59-68 Mr 14:53,55-65 Lu 22:54,63-65 Joh 18:24| #Mr 14:54| CXXVII. PETER THRICE DENIES THE LORD. (Court of the high priest's residence. Friday before and about dawn.) #Mt 26:58,69-75 Mr 14:54,66-72 Lu 22:54-62 Joh 18:15-18,25-27| And Peter had followed him afar off, even within. Leaving Jesus in the palace of the high priest, we now turn back to the garden of Gethsemane at the time when Jesus left it under arrest, that we may follow the course of Simon Peter in his threefold denial of the Master. Into the court of the high priest. For courts of houses see TFG "Mr 2:2". And he was sitting with the officers. Though his faith in Christ was shaken, Peter still loved him enough to see what would become of him. And warming himself in the light of the fire. They were gathered around a little smokeless charcoal fire (#Joh 18:18|). (TFG 700) #Mr 14:58| We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and in three days I will build another made without hands. What Jesus had really said will be found at #Joh 2:19-22|. Though his words were misunderstood at that time, being applied, not to his body, but to Herod's temple, yet it is not unlikely that the Jewish rulers, hearing our Lord's prediction that he would rise from the dead after three days (#Mt 27:62,63|), came to understand the import of his words. If so, the record itself shows the willingness of the Sanhedrin to receive false witnesses against Christ (#Mt 26:59 Mr 14:55|), for its judges received testimony which they knew to be utterly immaterial if rightly construed. The accounts of the two Evangelists, moreover, show how the witnesses failed to agree (#Mt 26:60 Mr 14:56|). A man could only be condemned on the testimony of two witnesses as to some fact or facts constituting a ground for condemnation (#De 17:6 19:15|). (TFG 696-697) #Mr 14:60| Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these testify against thee? While the testimony then before the court might be used to show that Jesus was recklessly boastful, it was insufficient to justify a sentence of blasphemy. A threat to destroy the temple might be thus construed (#Jer 26:9-11 Ac 6:13,14|); but a promise to rebuild the temple, if destroyed, was altogether different. The high priest, knowing this, sought to extort from Jesus some additional evidence. With great cunning and effrontery he assumes that the testimony is all that could be possibly desired, and demands of Jesus what he has to say in answer to it. (TFG 697) #Mr 14:61| But he held his peace, and answered nothing. But our Lord did not suffer himself to seem so easily deceived. He gave no explanation, since the future would explain his meaning, and speak the real truth to all who had ears to hear it. Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? Seeing that Jesus was not to be lured into an answer, and well knowing his perfect frankness, Caiaphas resolved, in his desperation, to question Jesus plainly and bluntly. His question is twofold: 1. Art thou Christ? 2. Art thou the Son of God? The latter of these would constitute blasphemy, and the former, by showing a boastful spirit, would tend to confirm the charge. Perhaps, too, Caiaphas anticipated the future, and foresaw how useful this claim to be the Messiah would prove when a hearing was had before Pilate (#Lu 23:2|). Originally the Messiah was recognized as the Son of God (#Ps 2:7|), but if the Jews had ever generally entertained such an idea, they had lost it before Jesus' day, The Messiah might of course be called the Son of God in that secondary sense in which Adam was thus called (#Joh 1:49 Lu 3:38|). But Jesus had used the term in an entirely different sense, and his usage had been extremely offensive to the Jews (#Joh 5:17,18 10:30-39 Mt 22:41-46|). Caiaphas evidently wished Jesus to answer this question in that new sense which the Lord had given to the words. Caiaphas had no legal right to ask either of these questions. No man can be compelled to testify against himself, but he knew the claims of Jesus, and realized that if Jesus repudiated them he would be shamed forever, and if he asserted them he could be charged with blasphemy. Taking advantage, therefore, of the situation, Caiaphas put the question with the usual formula of an oath, thus adding moral power to it, for, under ordinary circumstances, one was held guilty if he refused to answer when thus adjured (#Le 5:1|). When their own witnesses failed, these rulers called the "faithful witness" (#1Ti 6:13 Re 1:5|). (TFG 697-698) #Mr 14:62| And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power. Jesus freely confessed the truth which his church is called upon to confess. "Right hand of Power" was commonly understood to mean the right hand of God. Hard as it might be for them to believe it, the day would come when he should sit in judgment and they should stand on trial before him. See TFG "#Mt 26:64|". (TFG 698-699) #Mr 14:63| And the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What further need have we of witnesses? Though Jesus had given the very answer which the high priest was longing to hear, yet he hypocritically pretends to be shocked at it, and rends his clothes and feigns horror. Evidently he feared the effect of the clear, calm answer of Jesus and sought to counteract its influence on his colleagues. (TFG 699) #Mr 14:64| And they all condemned him to be worthy of death. This was not the final, formal sentence, but the mere determination of the council at the preliminary hearing. (TFG 699) #Mr 14:65| And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy. To spit in the face has been an insult in all ages and in all lands. See #Nu 12:14 De 25:9 Job 30:10|. Jesus, having stood out for examination, is now given back to the officers to be led away into the council chamber. These officers received Jesus with many indignities. They seek to make his high claims contemptible, and to make it appear that instead of being divine he is hardly worthy to be regarded as human. (TFG 699) #Mr 14:70| And he denied it again. Peter's second denial was of a quadruple nature. He denied to four different parties (#Mt 26:69-72 Mr 14:66-69| #Lu 22:56-58 Joh 18:25|), but in such quick succession that the event is regarded as one. (TFG 701) #Mr 14:71| But he began to curse, and to swear. Exasperated by the repeated accusations, Peter loses his temper and begins to emphasize his denial by profanity. Desire to make good his denial is now supreme in his thoughts and the Lord whom he denies is all but forgotten. (TFG 702) #Mr 14:72| And when he thought thereon, he wept. When Peter remembered the loving tenderness of Jesus manifested when he foretold Peter's crime it formed a background against which the sin appeared in all its hideous enormity. (TFG 702)